Exploring the Types of Sign Languages Around the World

Cultural Richness & Variety in Sign Language Communication 

In Deaf and hard of hearing communities around the world, sign languages are a primary mode of communication. These visual languages, composed of hand gestures, facial expressions, and body movements, offer a rich and expressive means of communication. Unlike spoken languages, sign languages have their own unique syntax, grammar, and lexicon, making them fully functional languages in their own right. They are not merely gestural translations of spoken languages but are complex and structured systems that can convey any concept, emotion, or idea. These languages are developed naturally within Deaf communities and are passed down from generation to generation, much like spoken languages, and alongside them. 

Sign language is a vital tool for individuals who cannot rely on spoken language to engage in meaningful and effective communication within their communities and beyond. For many Deaf people and for CODA, children of Deaf adults, sign language is their first language, and is a fundamental aspect of their cultural identity. 

Major Types of Sign Languages & Variations 

There are numerous sign languages used across the globe, each with its own distinct characteristics. Note that some of the main sign language types have significant offshoot sign languages that are used in neighboring regions, or in places with the same spoken language. 

1. American Sign Language (ASL) 
   Predominantly used in the United States and parts of Canada, ASL is distinct from English as a spoken language, and has influenced several other sign languages globally. 
   
2. British Sign Language (BSL) 
   Used in the United Kingdom, BSL is another independent sign language with its own structure, differing significantly from ASL despite both countries sharing English as their primary spoken language. 
   
3. French Sign Language (LSF) 
   Common in France and Francophone regions, LSF has had a significant historical influence on the development of other sign languages, including ASL. 
   
4. Dutch Sign Language (NGT) 
   Nederlandse Gebarentaal (NGT is the primary sign language used by the Deaf community in the Netherlands. It has its own distinct grammar and vocabulary, developed independently from other sign languages. NGT was officially recognized as a language by the Dutch government in 2020, reflecting its importance in the cultural and linguistic landscape of the Netherlands. 
   
5. Flemish Sign Language (VGT) & French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB)
   In the Flemish-speaking region of Belgium (Flanders), Flemish Sign Language (Vlaamse Gebarentaal or VGT) is used, while in the French-speaking region (Wallonia), French Belgian Sign Language (Langue des Signes de Belgique Francophone or LSFB) is used. Each of these sign languages has developed independently to reflect the cultural and linguistic contexts of their respective regions in Belgium. 
   
6. Italian Sign Language (LIS) 
   Used by the Deaf community in Italy, Lingua dei Segni Italiana (LIS) has its own distinct grammar and lexicon. It is recognized as a minority language in Italy, and there are regional variations within the country. 
   
7. Turkish Sign Language (TİD) 
   The primary sign language used in Turkey, Türk İşaret Dili (TİD) has a unique structure that is different from spoken Turkish. It is used by the Deaf community across the country and is taught in schools for the Deaf.
    
8. Greek Sign Language (ENGL) 
   Greek Sign Language (Ελληνική Νοηματική Γλώσσα, ENGL) is used by the Deaf community in Greece. It has developed independently and has its own unique grammar and vocabulary. 
   
9. Arab Sign Language (ArSL) 
   The most common sign language used in Arabic-speaking countries is Arab Sign Language (also known as ArSL), though it is important to note that there isn't a single, standardized sign language across all Arabic-speaking countries. Instead, while the spoken language is a fairly uniform Arabic, each of the Arabic-speaking countries or regions may have its own sign language or dialect, influenced by local culture and language usage. For example, Levantine Sign Language (LSL) is used in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Egyptian Sign Language (ESL) is widely used in Egypt and has influenced sign languages in other parts of the Arab world. Saudi Sign Language (SSL) is used by the Deaf community in Saudi Arabia. 
   
   While these sign languages share some similarities due to the common cultural and linguistic heritage of the Arab world, they are distinct and not mutually intelligible. Efforts have been made in some regions to create a more standardized Arab Sign Language for use in educational and religious contexts, but regional variations remain predominant. 
   
10. Israeli Sign Language (ISL) 
    Israeli Sign Language is used by the Deaf community in Israel. It developed through the blending of several sign languages brought by immigrants from various countries. ISL is recognized as a fully developed independent language. 
    
11. Swedish Sign Language (SSL) 
    Svenskt Teckenspråk (SSL) is used by the Deaf community in Sweden. It is recognized as a minority language in Sweden, and efforts are made to preserve and promote its use. 
    
12. Japanese Sign Language (JSL) 
    In Japan, JSL is used by the Deaf community and features its own grammar and expressions that are distinct from spoken Japanese. 
    
13. Chinese Sign Language (CSL)
    Utilized across China, CSL has various regional dialects and is a vital part of communication for Deaf individuals within the country. 
    
14. Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL) 
    This sign language variation has developed independently, influenced by both local Cantonese culture and British Sign Language (BSL), due to Hong Kong's historical connection with the UK. Although there are some similarities between HKSL and Chinese Sign Language (CSL), they are distinct languages. 
    
15. Korean Sign Languages (KSL & NKSL) 
    Korean Sign Language (KSL) incorporates both traditional signs that are unique to Korean culture and newer signs that have developed with changes in society. Korean Sign Language (KSL) is primarily used in South Korea. In North Korea, there is a separate sign language known as North Korean Sign Language (NKSL). While KSL and NKSL share some similarities due to the common Korean heritage, they have diverged, especially after the division of Korea in 1945. 
    
16. Spanish Sign Language (LSE)
    Used predominantly in Spain, LSE is an essential communication tool for Deaf communities across the country and is recognized as a national language. 
    
17. Mexican Sign Language (LSM) 
    Mexican Sign Language (Lengua de Señas Mexicana, LSM) is used primarily by the Deaf community in Mexico and has developed independently from LSE. Although LSM shares some similarities with other Latin American sign languages, it is a unique language with its own grammar and vocabulary.
     
18. Argentinian Sign Language (LSA) 
    This is the sign language used by the Deaf community in Argentina. LSA (Lengua de Señas Argentina) is distinct from other Latin American sign languages and has developed its own structure and vocabulary.
    
19. Auslan (Australian Sign Language) 
    The primary sign language in Australia, Auslan, is related to BSL but has its own unique features and vocabulary. 
    
20. New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) 
    While NZSL and Auslan share a common historical root in British Sign Language, NZSL did not develop as an offshoot of Auslan. It evolved independently alongside Auslan, with significant influence from BSL. Over time, NZSL has incorporated elements specific to New Zealand’s cultural context, including Māori vocabulary, making it unique. 

17. German Sign Language (DGS) 
    German Sign Language is widely used in Germany. It is recognized by the government as a standalone language, with its own unique grammar and lexicon. DGS has a strong presence in the education system and is an important part of Deaf culture in Germany. 

18. Russian Sign Language (RSL) 
    Russian Sign Language is the primary sign language used by the Deaf community in Russia. It has its own distinct grammar and vocabulary, developed independently of other sign languages. RSL is used across the country and is recognized as a means of communication by the Russian government. 
    
19. Indian Sign Language (ISL) 
    Indian Sign Language is used by the Deaf community in India. ISL has a diverse range of regional dialects reflecting the linguistic and cultural diversity of India. While efforts are ongoing to standardize ISL, it remains a crucial tool for communication among India's Deaf population. 
    
    ISL is also used by the Deaf community in Kashmir, especially in the Indian-administered parts of Jammu and Kashmir. Given the political and geographical context, ISL is the most common sign language in this area, and it is used in education and communication for Deaf individuals within the region.
     
20. Pakistani Sign Language (PSL) & Bangladeshi Sign Language (BdSL) 
    PSL has developed independently from ISL but may share some signs due to the shared cultural and linguistic heritage of the region before the partition, particularly in regions close to the border. Bangladeshi Sign Language (BdSL) is the primary sign language used by the Deaf community in Bangladesh. While there may be some similarities between ISL and BdSL due to historical connections, BdSL is a distinct language with its own structure and vocabulary.
     
21. Portuguese Sign Language (LGP) 
    LGP is used by the Deaf community in Portugal. It has its own unique grammar and lexicon and is officially recognized by the Portuguese government.
     
22. Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) 
    Libras (Língua Brasileira de Sinais) is the official sign language used by the Deaf community in Brazil. It is recognized by Brazilian law and is widely used in education, media, and public services. 

Each of these sign languages is an integral part of the cultural fabric of the communities that use them, reflecting the diversity of linguistic expression among Deaf individuals worldwide. 

Regional Sign Languages 

Geographical and cultural factors play a significant role in the development of regional sign languages. For instance, as in the list above, Australian Sign Language (Auslan) evolved from British Sign Language (BSL) and also incorporates elements influenced by the Australian Aboriginal sign languages. Just next door, in New Zealand, NZSL developed independently, and is absolutely different from Auslan, in spite of a common root language (BSL) and a parallel integration of Māori. Similarly, while Japanese Sign Language (JSL) reflects the cultural and linguistic traditions of Japan, Taiwan has its own sign language known as Taiwan Sign Language (TSL), and the nearby Phillipines use Filipino Sign Language (FSL), which is influenced by American Sign Language (ASL) and Spanish Sign Language as well as the spoken Filipino (Tagalog). 

Each country’s Deaf community develops its own sign language based on local spoken languages, cultural practices and frame of reference, and the social environment. These factors result in sign languages that are distinct from one another, even when spoken languages are similar or even identical. 

Indigenous Sign Languages 

Sign languages also exist within certain indigenous communities. These unique languages, often passed down through generations, reflect the cultural heritage and traditions of these groups. Examples of indigenous sign languages in North America include Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL) and American Indian Sign Language (AISL). 

Varieties of Dialects, Subculture & Niche Sign Languages 

Within the same country, sign languages can vary across different areas, reflecting the influence of local dialects, cultural practices, and historical factors including regions of origin. Below are some examples of how variations in American sign language, and variants of other types of sign languages, show up in specific communities: 

• Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) 
  Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL) is a fascinating example of a niche sign language used by Deaf and hearing residents of Martha’s Vineyard, an island off the coast of Massachusetts. MVSL emerged in the early 18th century due to the high incidence of hereditary deafness among the island’s population. Because deafness was so common, nearly everyone on the island, regardless of hearing ability, learned to sign, making MVSL an integral part of daily life. MVSL had a significant influence on the development of American Sign Language (ASL) when Deaf individuals from Martha’s Vineyard attended the first American school for the Deaf, where ASL was being formed. 
  
• Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN) 
  Nicaraguan Sign Language is another notable example of a sign language that emerged organically. It developed in the 1970s among Deaf children who were brought together for the first time in schools for special education. These children, who had previously used home signs (individual sign systems developed within families), began to communicate with each other, and out of this interaction, a new, fully developed sign language emerged. ISN’s development is a remarkable example of how a new language can spontaneously develop when Deaf individuals are brought together, demonstrating both the need for communication and the creative capacities of the human mind. 
  
• Black American Sign Language (BASL) 
  BASL is a recognized variety of American Sign Language (ASL) that developed in the segregated schools for Black deaf students during the early to mid-20th century. BASL has distinct vocabulary that is either unique to the Black Deaf community or used differently compared to standard ASL. BASL often uses larger signing space and different facial expressions or non-manual signals. In the Southern United States, where segregation was most entrenched, BASL developed with more distinct features compared to other regions. The regional variation here is often more pronounced. In contrast, Black Deaf communities in Northern and urban areas might use a form of BASL that is more like standard ASL, but with some distinct BASL elements, particularly in social or cultural contexts. BASL remains in use today, especially among older members of the Black Deaf community and in cultural or social contexts. Younger generations may use a blend of BASL and standard ASL, depending on their educational background and social environment. BASL is an important aspect of linguistic diversity within the American Deaf community and reflects the cultural and historical experiences of Black Deaf individuals in the United States. 
  
• Hispanic American SL Fusion 
  Hispanic American Deaf communities in the U.S. often integrate elements from Spanish Sign Language (LSE) or other sign languages from their regions of origin, such as Mexican Sign Language (LSM), into American Sign Language (ASL). This results in a blend of signs influenced by the community’s cultural and linguistic heritage. 
  
• American Southern & Appalachian “Accents” 
  In the Southern United States and in the Appalachian mountain range region, the sign language used by Deaf individuals may include regional expressions and signs that align with local dialects and cultural references. Like the spoken Southern drawl and like the colorful language often used in both regions, these variations are influenced by distinct cultural identities, including historical and social contexts. However, these variants are not considered major sign language dialects and are not distinct languages, but a local usage of ASL, like a spoken accent. 

These regional and cultural sign language variations highlight the interconnectedness between spoken language, culture, and sign language development. 

Challenges In Cross-Cultural Sign Language Communication 

Regional and niche sign languages are more than just tools for communication; they are vital expressions of the cultural identities of different populations. They contribute to the richness and diversity of human communication, reflecting the unique historical, cultural, and linguistic influences of different communities. However, when Deaf people from different cultural backgrounds interact, they may face communication challenges, as the differences between sign languages can be significant. 

In 1951, the World Federation of the Deaf was formed, and declared International Sign Language (ISL) their official language. While ISL is wonderful as a concept, and it does come into use on certain occasions such as United Nations conferences and briefings, or the Deaflympics (Deaf Olympics), the language is limited to about 1400 signs, and therefore is not very popular. 

While some signs and gestures might be nearly universal, the lack of convergence among multiple languages can lead to misunderstandings. In such cases, a specially trained sign language interpreter, who is also skilled in sign language translation, may be necessary. It is important to arrange for such interpreters in advance to facilitate effective communication between Deaf individuals from different regions. 

Web Accessibility for Sign Language Users 

Web and digital accessibility is a key prerequisite for online and electronic resources offering information and learning platforms for those who use sign language. Accessibility integration and disability accommodation are critical steps in delivering content that is both accessible and meaningful to Deaf users and individuals who are hard of hearing. 

Sign Language Videos Online 

Prerecorded sign language videos online provide visual content that is essential for Deaf users and those who are hard of hearing. These videos are particularly useful as they offer an alternative way of conveying information presented in audio or audio-visual media, making digital content accessible. Here are some best practices for integrating these videos on websites: 

• Captions: Provide accurate and well-timed closed captions so all viewers can follow the content, including all spoken words, sound effects, and other relevant audio cues. If captions are superimposed over the signer, keep some extra space in the frame to be sure that the hand and face signs are not blocked out. 

• Transcripts: Offer a written transcript for those who prefer to read or need additional support. 

• Synchronization: Line up signing and audio times so they are perfectly synchronized, to avoid confusion for viewers who rely on both. This synchronization is important for Deaf users who may be lip-reading the speaker and watching the sign language interpreter simultaneously. 

• Verbatim signing: Sign the text exactly as it appears or is spoken, without edits. This includes signing any slang, metaphors, or unique phrases used by the speaker. This approach maintains the integrity of the original content and provides Deaf users with the same information as hearing users. 

• Matching style: The signer should mimic the speaker's style, such as using the same tone and pacing. 

• Filming positions: When recording a sign language video, be sure to include the “signing space” of the signer in the frame, that is, the hands and face. Keep the camera on the signer and move with them. 

By following these guidelines, you can create accessible sign language videos that serve the needs of Deaf users. 

WCAG for Sign Language Users 

To comply with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and align with its fundamental POUR principles of accessibility (POUR = Perceivable, Operable, Understandable, Robust), websites must prioritize accessibility for sign language users. This means that content should be presented in a way that is perceivable by users with disabilities, operable using assistive technologies, understandable, and robust enough to withstand changes in technology. 

WCAG standards require the following: 

• Perceivable: Content should be presented in ways that can be perceived by Deaf users. This includes providing sign language videos, captions, and transcripts. 

• Operable: Websites should be easy to navigate and interact with for all users, including sign language users. This also means making sign language content easy to find. 

• Understandable: Information should be presented clearly and concisely, with sign language videos matching the speaker’s style and language. This practice helps to maintain the original meaning and context, making it easier for Deaf users to understand. 

• Robust: Content must be compatible with various assistive technologies, including those used by Deaf individuals. 

By following these guidelines, you can create a website that is accessible to all users, including those who rely on sign language, and users who may have multiple disabilities. 

Technology Supporting Sign Language 

Technology serves as a powerful tool to assist sign language users and to safeguard and maintain the diversity of sign languages worldwide. 

6 Resources for Learning Sign Languages 

Many valuable resources are available online for learning different types of sign languages. Some notable options include: 

1. ASL University at Lifeprint.com 
   This site offers free ASL curriculum and other free ASL resources. Begin with Lesson 1 or First 100 Signs, or browse through the Lifeprint Library. You can also learn more about American Sign Language grammar, as well as ASL culture and ASL history, all free of charge. There is also an ASLU subscription extension with additional resources.
    
2. HandSpeak 
   A site with a ASL dictionary, tutorials, and a multilevel ASL learning center, plus an app that works on web or mobile.
    
3. British Sign Language Learning 
   The British-Sign site offers multiple free tips, including general information, a “Sign of the Day”, and fingerspelling instructions, among other features. There is also a paid British Sign Language course for beginners. Another set of British Sign Language courses is offered by Deaf Unity. 
   
4. The French and Math Sign Language Lexicon Repertoire 
   An excellent French sign language learning resource for parents and teachers of Deaf students in primary and secondary schools, with French sign language terminology for grammar, math, algebra and geometry. This site is a product of the Institut des Jeunes Sourds de Bourg-La-Reine, not far from Paris. 
   
5. Deaf Language Lexicon 
   An important Swiss trilingual dictionary with French, German and Italian sign language. You can also search for meanings based on hand signs. 
   
6. Japanese Sign Language Learning Center 
   This subsite of the Kyoto Prefectural Board of Education’s ITEC Information Technology Education Center has an extremely thorough Japanese sign language curriculum presented in English and giving linked information on Japanese sign language and English language and characters. It includes a section on Teaching English at a Japanese Deaf School. 

These platforms provide structured learning environments for users to gain proficiency in all types of sign language. 

Documenting & Preserving Rare & Endangered Sign Languages 

Efforts are underway to document and preserve rare and endangered sign languages. Organizations like the Endangered Languages Project are working to collect data, create resources, and raise awareness about these languages. 

The Endangered Languages Project initiative works on documenting and preserving various endangered languages, including sign languages classified as severely endangered, such as Inuit Sign Language with fewer than 40 people using it as their primary language, through video recordings, community involvement, and scholarly research. The project provides an open-access platform to share resources and findings. Another endangered sign language is the Maritime Sign Language used in Nova Scotia, Canada. 

For an in-depth read on the preservation of sign language, read Susan Burch’s Capturing a Movement, published by Gallaudet University Press. 

Technology Supporting Sign Language 

Modern technology is significantly helping sign language users and advancing the understanding of different sign languages. For instance, online platforms and mobile apps are increasingly being used to create accessible interactive learning environments for sign languages, virtual communities, and translation tools. AI-powered tools can now help translate and teach sign languages more effectively, some of them offering sign language translation in real-time. Social media platforms like TikTok and Instagram have become popular spaces for sign language content creators to share their skills and connect with others. And, popular apps like Signly offer valuable resources for learning and practicing sign languages. 

Technology continues to expand options for sign language users and learners. As these tools continue to evolve, and as more users take advantage of available online resources and innovative technologies and tools, more people can learn, connect, communicate, and celebrate the beauty and richness of sign language. 

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